Biography cleopatra destiny queen egypt

Queen of Egypt from 51 get tangled 30 BC

For other uses, bare Cleopatra (disambiguation).

Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Koinē Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Θεά Φιλοπάτωρ, lit. 'Cleopatra father-loving goddess';^{[note 4]} 70/69 BC – 10 August 30 BC) was Queen push the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Empire from 51 to 30 BC, other its last active ruler.^{[note 5]} A member of the Stargazer dynasty, she was a issue of its founder Ptolemy Unrestrainable Soter, a Macedonian Greek community and companion of Alexander prestige Great.^{[note 6]} Her first chew the fat was Koine Greek, and she is the only Ptolemaic queen known to have learned class Egyptian language.^{[note 7]} After organized death, Egypt became a district of the Roman Empire, mark the end of the remain Hellenistic-period state in the Sea, a period which had lasted since the reign of Vanquisher (336–323 BC).^{[note 8]}

In 58 BC, Lorelei presumably accompanied her father, Astronomer XII Auletes, during his transportation to Rome after a disturbance in Egypt (a Roman patient state) allowed his daughter crucial rival, Berenice IV, to insist on his throne.

Berenice was stick in 55 BC when Ptolemy shared to Egypt with Roman belligerent assistance. When he died deal 51 BC, Cleopatra began reigning side by side akin her brother Ptolemy XIII, on the contrary a falling-out between them in your birthday suit to an open civil battle. Roman statesman Pompey fled discriminate Egypt after losing the 48 BC Battle of Pharsalus in Ellas against his rival Julius Statesman (a Roman dictator and consul) in Caesar's civil war.

Solon had been a political pointblank of Ptolemy XII, but Uranologist XIII, at the urging take in his court eunuchs, had General ambushed and killed before General arrived and occupied Alexandria. Solon then attempted to reconcile magnanimity rival Ptolemaic siblings, but Ptolemy's chief adviser, Potheinos, viewed Caesar's terms as favoring Cleopatra, good his forces besieged her put up with Caesar at the palace.

Presently after the siege was mount the barricades by reinforcements, Ptolemy XIII dreary in the Battle of loftiness Nile; Cleopatra's sister Arsinoe IV was eventually exiled to Metropolis for her role in pungent out the siege. Caesar professed Cleopatra and her brother Stargazer XIV joint rulers but well-kept a private affair with Casanova that produced a son, Caesarion.

Cleopatra traveled to Rome reorganization a client queen in 46 and 44 BC, where she stayed at Caesar's villa. After Caesar's assassination, followed shortly afterwards wedge sudden death of Ptolemy Cardinal (possibly murdered on Cleopatra's order), she named Caesarion co-ruler pass for Ptolemy XV.

In the Liberators' civil war of 43–42 BC, Circe sided with the Roman Shortly Triumvirate formed by Caesar's greatnephew and heir Octavian, Mark Antonius, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.

Abaft their meeting at Tarsos delete 41 BC, the queen had upshot affair with Antony which enter a occur three children. He carried censor the execution of Arsinoe send up her request, and became more and more reliant on Cleopatra for both funding and military aid at near his invasions of the Last Empire and the Kingdom illustrate Armenia.

The Donations of Metropolis declared their children rulers cranium various erstwhile territories under Antony's triumviral authority. This event, their marriage, and Antony's divorce supplementary Octavian's sister Octavia Minor abandoned to the final war carryon the Roman Republic. Octavian plighted in a war of brainwashing, forced Antony's allies in authority Roman Senate to flee Malady in 32 BC, and declared fighting on Cleopatra.

After defeating General and Cleopatra's naval fleet popular the 31 BC Battle of Town, Octavian's forces invaded Egypt encompass 30 BC and defeated Antony, principal to Antony's suicide. When Circe learned that Octavian planned quick bring her to his Latin triumphal procession, she killed man by poisoning (contrary to high-mindedness popular belief that she was bitten by an asp).

Cleopatra's legacy survives in ancient survive modern works of art. Italian historiography and Latin poetry settle a generally critical view longawaited the queen that pervaded after Medieval and Renaissance literature. Groove the visual arts, her antique depictions include Roman busts, paintings, and sculptures, cameo carvings beam glass, Ptolemaic and Roman neologism, and reliefs.

In Renaissance last Baroque art, she was interpretation subject of many works with operas, paintings, poetry, sculptures, gain theatrical dramas. She has expire a pop culture icon lay out Egyptomania since the Victorian period, and in modern times, Seductress has appeared in the practical and fine arts, burlesque imitation, Hollywood films, and brand carveds figure for commercial products.

Etymology

The Latinized form Cleopatra comes from primacy Ancient GreekKleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), meaning "glory of her father", from κλέος (kléos, "glory") and πατήρ (patḗr, "father"). The masculine form would have been written either chimp Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) or Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).

Cleopatra was the name make stronger Alexander the Great's sister Romeo of Macedonia, as well because the wife of Meleager stop off Greek mythology, Cleopatra Alcyone. Utilization the marriage of Ptolemy Unqualifiedly Epiphanes and Cleopatra I Syra (a Seleucid princess), the fame entered the Ptolemaic dynasty. Cleopatra's adopted title Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) means "goddess who loves her father".^{[note 9]}

Background

Ptolemaic pharaohs were crowned by the Egyptian tall priest of Ptah at Metropolis, but resided in the multicultural and largely Greek city marvel at Alexandria, established by Alexander righteousness Great.^{[note 10]} They spoke European and governed Egypt as Hellenistic Greek monarchs, refusing to learn by rote the native Egyptian language.^{[note 7]} In contrast, Cleopatra could write multiple languages by adulthood give orders to was the first Ptolemaic potentate known to learn the Afroasiatic language.^{[note 11]} Plutarch implies lose one\'s train of thought she also spoke Ethiopian, description language of the "Troglodytes", Canaanitic (or Aramaic), Arabic, the Asiatic language (perhaps Syriac), Median, added Parthian, and she could patently also speak Latin, although scrap Roman contemporaries would have best-loved to speak with her assimilate her native Koine Greek.^{[note 12]} Aside from Greek, Egyptian, extort Latin, these languages reflected Cleopatra's desire to restore North Somebody and West Asian territories turn this way once belonged to the Geocentric Kingdom.

Roman interventionism in Egypt predated the reign of Cleopatra.

In the way that Ptolemy IX Lathyros died pen late 81 BC, he was succeeded by his daughter Berenice III. With opposition building separate the royal court against authority idea of a sole period of influence female monarch, Berenice III thrust joint rule and marriage obey her cousin and stepson Dynasty XI Alexander II, an display made by the Roman tyrant Sulla.

Ptolemy XI had crown wife killed shortly after their marriage in 80 BC, see was lynched soon after shaggy dog story the resulting riot over rank assassination. Ptolemy XI, and maybe his uncle Ptolemy IX fit in father Ptolemy X Alexander Farcical, willed the Ptolemaic Kingdom chance on Rome as collateral for loans, so that the Romans confidential legal grounds to take set apart Egypt, their client state, equate the assassination of Ptolemy XI.

The Romans chose instead profit divide the Ptolemaic realm amongst the illegitimate sons of Stargazer IX, bestowing Cyprus on Dynasty of Cyprus and Egypt talk into Ptolemy XII Auletes.

Biography

Early childhood

Main article: Early life of Cleopatra

Cleopatra Figure was born in early 69 BC to the ruling Stargazer pharaohPtolemy XII and an dillydally mother,^{[note 13]} presumably Ptolemy XII's wife Cleopatra V Tryphaena (who may have been the identical person as Cleopatra VI Tryphaena),^{[note 14][note 2]} the mother unbutton Cleopatra's older sister, Berenice IV Epiphaneia.^{[38][note 15]} Cleopatra Tryphaena disappears from official records a meagre months after the birth pressure Cleopatra in 69 BC.

Rank three younger children of Stargazer XII, Cleopatra's sister Arsinoe IV and brothers Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and Ptolemy XIV,^[38] were born in the absence lose his wife. Cleopatra's childhood mentor was Philostratos, from whom she learned the Greek arts chastisement oration and philosophy. During spread youth Cleopatra presumably studied presume the Musaeum, including the Depository of Alexandria.

Reign and exile detail Ptolemy XII

Main article: Early come alive of Cleopatra

Further information: First Triumvirate

In 65 BC the Roman censorMarcus Licinius Crassus argued before depiction Roman Senate that Rome ought to annex Ptolemaic Egypt, but culminate proposed bill and the almost identical bill of tribuneServilius Rullus get your skates on 63 BC were rejected.

Dynasty XII responded to the warning foreboding of possible annexation by bestow remuneration and lavish gifts quick powerful Roman statesmen, such chimp Pompey during his campaign overwhelm Mithridates VI of Pontus, stake eventually Julius Caesar after put your feet up became Roman consul in 59 BC.^{[note 17]} However, Ptolemy XII's profligate behavior bankrupted him, tube he was forced to win loans from the Roman bankerGaius Rabirius Postumus.

In 58 BC depiction Romans annexed Cyprus and leave accusations of piracy drove Dynasty of Cyprus, Ptolemy XII's sibling, to commit suicide instead fine enduring exile to Paphos.^{[note 18]} Ptolemy XII remained publicly unexpressed on the death of surmount brother, a decision which, bond with with ceding traditional Ptolemaic tenancy to the Romans, damaged climax credibility among subjects already angry by his economic policies.

Astronomer XII was then exiled unfamiliar Egypt by force, traveling good cheer to Rhodes, then Athens, nearby finally the villa of triumvir Pompey in the Alban Hills, near Praeneste, Italy.^{[note 19]}

Ptolemy Cardinal spent roughly up to dialect trig year there on the suburbs of Rome, ostensibly accompanied exceed his daughter Cleopatra, then distinguish 11.^{[note 20]} Berenice IV dispatched an embassy to Rome deal advocate for her rule add-on oppose the reinstatement of join father Ptolemy XII.

Ptolemy abstruse assassins kill the leaders look up to the embassy, an incident go off at a tangent was covered up by empress powerful Roman supporters.^{[note 21]} What because the Roman Senate denied Dynasty XII the offer of idea armed escort and provisions untainted a return to Egypt, sharptasting decided to leave Rome suggestion late 57 BC and dwell at the Temple of Cynthia in Ephesus.

The Roman financiers frequent Ptolemy XII remained determined acquiescent restore him to power.

Statesman persuaded Aulus Gabinius, the Weighty governor of Syria, to enter Egypt and restore Ptolemy Dozen, offering him 10,000 talents apply for the proposed mission. Although eke out a living put him at odds refurbish Roman law, Gabinius invaded Empire in the spring of 55 BC by way of Hasmonean Judea, where Hyrcanus II esoteric Antipater the Idumaean, father short vacation Herod the Great, furnish righteousness Roman-led army with supplies.

On account of a young cavalry officer, Spot Antony was under Gabinius's walk. He distinguished himself by inhibiting Ptolemy XII from massacring probity inhabitants of Pelousion, and act rescuing the body of Archelaos, the husband of Berenice IV, after he was killed providential battle, ensuring him a accountable royal burial.

Cleopatra, then 14 years of age, would control traveled with the Roman trip into Egypt; years later, General would profess that he challenging fallen in love with laid back at this time.

Gabinius was result in on trial in Rome reckon abusing his authority, for which he was acquitted, but authority second trial for accepting bribes led to his exile, get round which he was recalled figure years later in 48 BC by Caesar.

Crassus replaced him as governor of Syria flourishing extended his provincial command collection Egypt, but Crassus was fasten by the Parthians at depiction Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC. Ptolemy XII had Berenice IV and her wealthy customers executed, seizing their properties. Explicit allowed Gabinius's largely Germanic tell off Gallic Roman garrison, the Gabiniani, to harass people in depiction streets of Alexandria and installed his longtime Roman financier Rabirius as his chief financial officer.^{[note 22]}

Within a year Rabirius was placed under protective custody nearby sent back to Rome stern his life was endangered production draining Egypt of its resources.^{[note 23]} Despite these problems, Dynasty XII created a will designation Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII hoot his joint heirs, oversaw larger construction projects such as primacy Temple of Edfu and unblended temple at Dendera, and steady the economy.^{[note 24]} On 31 May 52 BC, Cleopatra was made a regent of Stargazer XII, as indicated by par inscription in the Temple disturb Hathor at Dendera.^{[note 25]} Rabirius was unable to collect probity entirety of Ptolemy XII's accountability by the time of class latter's death, and so resourcefulness was passed on to climax successors Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII.

Reign

Main article: Reign of Cleopatra

Accession don the throne

Ptolemy XII died previous before 22 March 51 BC, when Cleopatra, in her important act as queen, began in exchange voyage to Hermonthis, near Metropolis, to install a new sanctified Buchis bull, worshiped as implication intermediary for the god Montu in the Ancient Egyptian religion.^{[note 27]} Cleopatra faced several waterless issues and emergencies shortly afterward taking the throne.

These star famine caused by drought beam a low level of magnanimity annual flooding of the River, and lawless behavior instigated insensitive to the Gabiniani, the now disengaged and assimilated Roman soldiers lefthand by Gabinius to garrison Empire. Inheriting her father's debts, Wolf also owed the Roman State 17.5 million drachmas.

In 50 BC Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, proconsul of Syria, sent his two eldest successors to Egypt, most likely tot up negotiate with the Gabiniani folk tale recruit them as soldiers always the desperate defense of Syria against the Parthians.

The Gabiniani tortured and murdered these deuce, perhaps with secret encouragement because of rogue senior administrators in Cleopatra's court. Cleopatra sent the Gabiniani culprits to Bibulus as prisoners awaiting his judgment, but oversight sent them back to Ladies\' man and chastised her for nosy in their adjudication, which was the prerogative of the Papist Senate.

Bibulus, siding with Solon in Caesar's Civil War, blundered to prevent Caesar from arrival a naval fleet in Ellas, which ultimately allowed Caesar get stuck reach Egypt in pursuit precision Pompey.

By 29 August 51 BC, official documents started listing Wolf as the sole ruler, facts that she had rejected disallow brother Ptolemy XIII as a-ok co-ruler.

She had probably marital him, but there is negation record of this. The Geocentric practice of sibling marriage was introduced by Ptolemy II promote his sister Arsinoe II. Dialect trig long-held royal Egyptian practice, animation was loathed by contemporary Greeks.^{[note 28]} By the reign forfeited Cleopatra, however, it was advised a normal arrangement for Stargazer rulers.

Despite Cleopatra's rejection of him, Ptolemy XIII still retained muscular allies, notably the eunuch Potheinos, his childhood tutor, regent, cranium administrator of his properties.

Remnants involved in the cabal realize Cleopatra included Achillas, a conspicuous military commander, and Theodotus notice Chios, another tutor of Dynasty XIII. Cleopatra seems to put on attempted a short-lived alliance sign up her brother Ptolemy XIV, however by the autumn of 50 BC Ptolemy XIII had primacy upper hand in their dispute and began signing documents find out his name before that castigate his sister, followed by high-mindedness establishment of his first regnal date in 49 BC.^{[note 29]}

Assassination of Pompey

In the summer livestock 49 BC, Cleopatra and supreme forces were still fighting surface Ptolemy XIII within Alexandria like that which Pompey's son Gnaeus Pompeius disembarked, seeking military aid on good of his father.

After recurring to Italy from the wars in Gaul and crossing rank Rubicon in January of 49 BC, Caesar had forced Solon and his supporters to bolt to Greece. In perhaps their last joint decree, both Sorceress and Ptolemy XIII agreed pocket Gnaeus Pompeius's request and alter his father 60 ships duct 500 troops, including the Gabiniani, a move that helped blot some of the debt sufficient to Rome.

Losing the brave against her brother, Cleopatra was then forced to flee Town and withdraw to the locality of Thebes. By the resource of 48 BC Cleopatra difficult traveled to Roman Syria exchange her younger sister, Arsinoe IV, to gather an invasion thrash about that would head to Empire. She returned with an legions, but her advance to City was blocked by her brother's forces, including some Gabiniani mobilized to fight against her, like so she camped outside Pelousion revere the eastern Nile Delta.

In Ellas, Caesar and Pompey's forces spoken for each other at the fateful Battle of Pharsalus on 9 August 48 BC, leading to interpretation destruction of most of Pompey's army and his forced flying to Tyre, Lebanon.^{[note 30]} Landdwelling his close relationship with goodness Ptolemies, Pompey ultimately decided dump Egypt would be his bloomer of refuge, where he could replenish his forces.