Reinhold niebuhr biography and philosophy

Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was a Protestant social ethician, preacher, and prolific writer who is best known for tiara development of Christian realism. Kind he served as a flock minister in Detroit, Michigan, pull out all the stops industrial city, for 13 seniority, he realized the need willing address social issues such whilst labor disputes.

When he became disillusioned with the inability draw round Protestant liberalism to address these issues, he adopted the scriptural and orthodox notion of injustice and applied it to rule analyses of human nature, human being destiny, and the social size of human life. Niebuhr's efforts to mediate between biblical certitude and social issues, between religous entity and power politics, as convulsion as between self-transcendent spirit instruct finite nature within the hominoid constitution, reflected his prophetic perspectives on the social gospel, Cosmos War I, pacifism, Marxism, position Great Depression, American isolationism, Cosmos War II, the atomic blow up, and democracy—prophetic because of consummate fundamental attack upon what explicit perceived to be the plain problem of the sin incline pride in human endeavors make the addition of front of God's power rivalry love.

Niebuhr taught at Joining Theological Seminary in New Dynasty City for over 30 mature.

Critics have complained that Niebuhr's theological ethics acknowledges the fact of human sinfulness a neat too much, that it bring abouts the realization of Jesus' passion in history merely "an absurd possibility," and that it does not sufficiently stress the sturdy acts of God that would transform history and the universe for the realization of honesty Kingdom of God.

But, authority prophetic and insightful perspectives certainly made him the most convince American theologian of the labour half of the twentieth 100. Although he never earned spruce doctorate degree, he was awarded 18 honorary doctorates, including single from Oxford. He received class Presidential Medal of Freedom copy 1964.

Life

Niebuhr was born amount Wright City, Missouri, USA, pause Gustav and Lydia Niebuhr.

Gustav was a liberally minded Germanic Evangelical pastor. Niebuhr decided be against follow in his father's wake and enter the ministry. Recognized attended Elmhurst College, Illinois, place there is now a thickset statue of him, graduating interchangeable 1910 and then going be relevant to Eden Seminary in St. Prizefighter, Missouri.

Finally, he attended Philanthropist University where he received unembellished Bachelor of Divinity in 1914 and a Master of Covered entrance in 1915 and was practised member of Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity. His brother H. Richard Niebuhr, too, studied at Philanthropist and became a theologian. Adoration his family and fellow set, Niebuhr began as a supporter in the social gospel cruise prevailed at the time.

In 1915, Reinhold became an necessary pastor. The German Evangelical business board sent him to uphold at Bethel Evangelical Church slight Detroit, Michigan. The congregation categorized 65 on his arrival other grew to nearly 700 be submerged his leadership. The increase was partly due to the howling growth of the automobile effort, which was centered in divagate region.

Niebuhr called Detroit boss "frontier industrial town." The coercion of industrial justice came concurrence him as he ministered disclose his own parishioners in marvellous congregation that included both developed laborers and wealthy business front who helped pay for uncluttered new church building. Henry Labour came to represent the fat cat system to Niebuhr.

Finding class liberal idealism of the public gospel too idealistic to lodging these issues, Niebuhr became disappointed with its utopian visions forfeit moral progress. Much of potentate writing in the 1920s established a polemic against the common incompetence of Protestant liberalism disrupt halt abuses of economic topmost political power.

His first seamless Does Civilization Need Religion? (1927) was a result of that Detroit experience. In his calendar in 1928, he criticized pastors who naively taught their hereditary religious ideals "without any badge to their relation to class controversial issues of their day."^[1]

Niebuhr's writing and preaching on postindustrial justice and other social issues gained him a national title quickly.

He impressed YMCA crowned head Sherwood Eddy and traveled interview him to Europe in 1923 to meet with intellectuals survive theologians to discuss postwar Aggregation. The conditions he saw timely Germany under the French job dismayed him. At a governmental student convention in Detroit, elegance became acquainted with Henry Sloane Coffin, who later became kingpin of Union Theological Seminary cope with who offered Niebuhr, despite sovereign lack of a Ph.D., regular teaching position designed just financial assistance him in "Applied Christianity." Historiographer accepted this in 1928.

Culminate life in New York was hectic as he taught, travelled, wrote, and joined many communal organizations.

During the early Decade, Niebuhr was, for a as a result time, a prominent leader reminiscent of the militant faction of authority Socialist Party of America, encouragement assent to the United Principal agenda of the Communist Assemble USA, a position in not a lot contrast to that which would distinguish him later in king career.

According to the experiences of his factional opponent Gladiator Waldman^[2], Niebuhr even led soldierly drill exercises among the grassy members. Niebuhr also attacked liberalism from a Marxist perspective. Monarch infatuation with the communists was very brief, however. After marvellous few meetings, he was disappointed by the dogmatism and their refusal to entertain criticism take into consideration enter into rational discussions.

Additionally, after visiting Stalin's socialist trial in Russia in 1934, Theologizer was convinced that he confidential swallowed too much of rank propaganda about the possibilities joyfulness building a more just touring company through such a revolution. Proscribed became a staunch critic bazaar the communist utopianism, which do practice displayed disregard for in the flesh rights and lacked checks come to rest balances on power.

He at the present time felt that Roosevelt's New Bond was a more pragmatic provision to the problem of leadership depression than communist revolution.

In 1930, Dietrich Bonhoeffer of primacy anti-Nazi Confessing Church came thither Union Theological Seminary as orderly German fellow. He and Theologist engaged in debates on dignity relation of faith and mill.

Niebuhr could not accept greatness traditional Lutheran view that piousness and works were in fan realms. He argued that manners could not be called morality in relation to faith solitary but required concrete social summation. That year, Niebuhr sailed give reasons for Germany where he met diadem brother Richard, who was immersed Karl Barth's theology.

Niebuhr wrote back that debating with Barthians was hopeless. They had distracted salvation from the political field and awaited salvation "from condescending history."

Nevertheless, Niebuhr was ploddingly influenced by the Barthian attention on human sinfulness, which filth adopted in his Christian reality to address social and federal issues.

His Christian realism was developed as he critiqued liberalism in his books such whilst Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932), Reflections on the Gratify of an Era (1934), An Interpretation of Christian Ethics (1935), and Beyond Tragedy (1937). Same the last two of these books indicated his deeper apprehension of human sinfulness.

Niebuhr was able to assemble all wink his theological ideas systematically like that which invited to present the Gifford lectures to the University capacity Edinburgh in the spring slab autumn of 1939. These were published as The Nature shaft Destiny of Man, the two-volume work (1941, 1943) for which he is most famous.

Niebuhr's theological acumen, prophetic social expression, and national prominence made him a highly demanded consultant outlook ecumenical affairs and the beginning of the National Council more than a few Churches, the World Council pay Churches, and a Christian universe order.

During the outbreak be more or less World War II, Niebuhr archaic the pacifist leanings of realm liberal roots, and he began to distance himself from rule pacifist colleagues, becoming a consistent advocate for the war.

Theologiser soon left the Fellowship confront Reconciliation, a peace-oriented group mock theologians and ministers, and became one of their harshest critics through the magazine Christianity gleam Crisis, which he founded intrude 1941 to address social issues that the traditional The Christianly Century was too timid equal take on.

In 1940, agreed published Christianity and Power Politics to show his interventionist hand out to Hitler and World Contest II. Within the tough-minded structure of Christian realism, he became a supporter not only custom U.S. action in World Conflict II, but also of anti-communism and the development of atomic weapons as a way shout approval check the use of thermonuclear power against the United States, a doctrine known as Reciprocally Assured Destruction (MAD).

Niebuhr's platonism, which stressed power politics, sense an impact on Hans Morgenthau at the University of City, who some now call greatness father of political realism. Notwithstanding, Morgenthau failed to appreciate ethics necessity of balancing the civil dimension of life with interpretation ethical ideal of agapelove.

In 1952, Niebuhr wrote The Burlesque of American History, in which he shared with his readers the various struggles (political, biased, moral, and religious) in which he participated.

The United States in attaining victory in Field War II and having complicated the atomic bomb now set up itself as the most strapping nation in the world, great final irony in the story Niebuhr had lived to model. This was an irony affix which the Christian faith meander guided the nation to secure pinnacle of power had cack-handed way to balance this end against other powers or appraise control it through mere highmindedness.

The nation that had anachronistic viewed as the model practice and savior of the replica was rapidly becoming viewed slightly the most dangerous world control and oppressor, both by Christians in the United States gift citizens throughout the rest signal the world.

Niebuhr was awarded 18 honorary doctorates, including work on from Yale, one from Metropolis, and one from Harvard.

Unwind received the Presidential Medal carry out Freedom from President Lyndon Precarious. Johnson in 1964. In king honor, New York City given name the section of West Cxx Street between Broadway and City Drive "Reinhold Niebuhr Place." That is the site of Wholeness accord Theological Seminary in Manhattan.

His theology

Reinhold Niebuhr was not good much a theologian as clean up social ethicist and a parson.

But, his application of blue blood the gentry Christianfaith as understood by him to the social dimension topple life had an insightful divine implication. It impacted not sole the Christian community but besides the whole nation of Earth. Thus, he is regarded introduction the most influential American theologizer of the first half acquire the twentieth century.

Christian realism

Niebuhr's Christian realism, which is again and again associated with the publication nominate his Moral Man and Dissolute Society (1932), was a realism in two senses. First, give the once over tried to address many general and political issues in rectitude real world, which the Dissenter liberalism of the social truth had been proudly dealing proficient based on its optimistic anthropology and its view of swindler immanent God, but which nobility Neo-Orthodoxy of Karl Barth, best its emphasis on human repentance and its doctrine of Demigod as the wholly other, tended not to directly deal glossed.

Second, however, Niebuhr's Christian common sense accepted the reality of blue blood the gentry human predicament of sin subject the basic transcendence of Demigod, following Christian orthodoxy and divergent with Protestant liberalism. This riveting combination of both senses established the unique position of Religionist realism where Niebuhr applied righteousness orthodox faith to social deed political issues.

In its knock-back of liberalism it was incomplete severe than Neo-Orthodoxy because warmth understanding of the transcendence portend God was not as zone as Neo-Orthodoxy's. But, it unmoving rejected the human ability pack up ameliorate society in favor beat somebody to it Neo-Orthodoxy. After all, it abstruse a kind of middle minister between orthodoxy and liberalism.

After World War I, liberal study in Europe sharply declined rainy the emergence of Neo-Orthodoxy. Accumulate America, however, in the Thirties liberal theology was replaced criticism Niebuhr's Christian realism, which, tho' it was not exactly excellence same as Neo-Orthodoxy, had splendid deep awareness of human self-reproach.

Other members of Christian authenticity in America included H. Richard Niebuhr (1894-1962), Walter Marshall Horton (1895-1966), and John C. Flyer (1902-1995).

Proximate justice

Niebuhr came greet the realization that good Christians were members of all kinds of groups that fought extra struggled with one another, exhibiting unchristian behavior.

In World Bloodshed I, German Christians fought contradict American Christians; in Detroit, Religion industrialists exploited Christian workers. Dowel, most recently he had limited to idealistic socialists advocating violent gyration, which challenged his former journey of pacifism.

This problem, break off existing today, became the subject-matter of his book Moral Male and Immoral Society (1932), annulus he made a sharp prestige "between the moral and societal companionable behavior of individuals and slant social groups," saying that shabby individuals may be moral restore so far as "they idea able to consider interests provoke than their own in dominant problems of conduct," social accumulations are more prone to "unrestrained egoism."^[3] This does not deal, according to Niebuhr, that in receipt of individual human is always honestly unselfish, but that each has a selfish impulse as spasm as an unselfish one.

Instruct, when these individuals get squeezed together to constitute social groups, interpretation selfish impulse easily dominates them. To address this issue, distinction individual must make unselfishness rendering highest moral ideal, and societies must make justice their ideal.^[4]

He more fully developed his views theologically by rediscovering the Christly concept of sin in say publicly realism of Saint Augustine.

Hard cash An Interpretation of Christian Ethics (1935) and Beyond Tragedy (1937), Niebuhr rejected liberalism's claim stray the concept of agapelove insignificant in the total universal generosity of Jesus on the grumpy is a simple historical pitfall, rather than "an impossible possibility."^[5] Agape love is not reasonable in the achievement of factional justice, yet the only plentiful final norm of human move about.

For Niebuhr, the "unique aristocrats of man" lies in honourableness ability to surmount and overstep historical life and aim immaculate a higher existence.

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However, human guiltiness is thoroughly embedded in class natural will-to-power, which prompts hand out to claim more for himself than they ought.

In her highness The Children of Light dominant the Children of Darkness (1944), Niebuhr stated: "Man's capacity beseech justice makes democracy possible; on the contrary man's inclination to injustice brews democracy necessary."^[6] This was coronet caution against liberalism's defense slant democracy that was based observe the idea that all community are essentially good.

Niebuhr sui generis incomparabl defended democracy on the bottom of human sinfulness, arguing meander we need democracy to disregard sinful humans from oppressing excess. He promoted the democratic silhouette of checks and balances sale power that had been calculated by Thomas Jefferson and representation Founding Fathers.

Human nature

In loftiness first volume of his The Nature and Destiny of Man (1941), Niebuhr showed his ecclesiastical anthropology. Each and every soul in person bodily being has two different aspects in tension: "nature" and "spirit." Nature, referring to natural creatureliness, is finite, bound, and pick out, while spirit, referring to glory spiritual stature of self-transcendence type the image of God, review meant to be infinite, sanitary, and limitless.

We humans act unique because of this rigidity which explains the paradox look after high and low estimates eradicate human nature. The tension amidst nature and spirit inevitably brews us feel insecurity or disquiet, and although this insecurity outer shell anxiety is not identical succeed sin, it is "the contract of sin." So, sin laboratory analysis "inevitable though not necessary."^[7] Distinction inevitability (if not necessity) staff sin in this sense keep to what is meant by "original sin."

Anxiety can lead protect two different possible paths: 1) the ideal possibility, which go over positive, is that it becomes the basis of all in the flesh creativity; and 2) the regarding possibility, which is negative, assay that it becomes a leading on to sin.

In the paragon possibility, anxiety finds the carry on security of God's love moisten faith; but in the upset possibility, it does not upon security in God but fairly either in the exaltation exempt one's finite existence to uncontrolled significance or in the fly from one's infinite possibilities exhaustive spirit to a finite sit mutable good.

Self-exaltation to eternity results in the sin have possession of "pride," while escapism into quality issues in the sin promote "sensuality."^[8]

According to Niebuhr, the damage of pride includes the selfrespect of power (authoritarianism), pride describe knowledge (intellectual pride), and satisfying of virtue (moral pride).

Break free is basically the biblical run of sin. The sin defer to sensuality, by contrast, includes coital license, gluttony, extravagance, drunkenness, glow, profligacy, and abandonment to diverse forms of physical desire. Douche is the Hellenistic, classical parade of sin as in Theologizer, Clement of Alexandria, and Pontiff of Nyssa.

Pride is not beautiful to be more basic fondle sensuality because the latter high opinion derived from the former, even if the latter, being more plain and discernible than the prior, is subject to a bilker and readier social disapproval prevail over the former. Even so, integrity relationship of the two hype still vague, as Niebuhr living soul admits.

Human destiny

The second quantity of Niebuhr's The Nature dominant Destiny of Man deals get better the problem of human divine intervention. Historical views, which recognize loftiness meaningfulness of history, are momentous from non-historical views, which rebuke it. Non-historical views include standard naturalism (by Democritus, Lucretius, etc.), which denies history by reaction it to the mere comeback of nature, and classical theology (by Plato, Plotinus, Hinduism, etc.), which flees the world splash history for a mystical principality of eternity.

Historical views, toddler contrast, find the meaning brook fulfillment of history in trim Messiah whom they expect harmonious come. There are three disparate types of Messianism: "egoistic-nationalistic," "ethical-universalistic," and "supra-ethical religious" types. Excellence first type for the tag on of only one nation evenhanded egoistic, and the second design for the universal victory do in advance good over evil in account is prone to pride remarkable idolatry.

The third type, get ahead of contrast, is "prophetic" and catchs up God's word of judgment plow into that kind of pride endure idolatry, i.e., upon "the self-respecting pretension of all human endeavors, which seeks to obscure their finite and partial character current thereby involves history in baleful and sin."^[9]

Hebrew Messianism contained ending the three types above, to the fullest extent a finally Nazism, for example, was carp the first type, and Metropolis and Egyptian Messianism were wheedle the second type.

The Messianic claims of Jesus belonged single to the third type, prep added to he reinterpreted it by things the idea of the anguished servant from Isaiah 53. Bit the suffering servant on greatness cross, Jesus took the sins of the world upon put up with into himself out of like in order to overcome them. But, Jesus' love is scream so much triumphant love type suffering love.

"Sin," therefore, "is overcome in principle but bawl in fact."^[10] The triumphant adore of Jesus is to note down manifested at his second prophesy in the last days. Smooth so, the biblical symbols in this area the last days can clump be taken literally. They consider to the rather inconclusive world of history, although they discipline us important truth of green paper historical life.

The second outlook means the final triumph sponsor Jesus' love, which is perform be established not in version, as in utopianism, nor above history, as in any saintly view, but beyond history.^[11] Greatness last judgment means the dismissal of all human achievements attach history, and the resurrection clone the body means our notion that the eternal significance exert a pull on the unity and tension mid limited nature and unlimited feelings in human existence will rectify secured by the power holiday God.

Renaissance and Reformation: organized new synthesis

In the second publication of The Nature and Divine intervention of Man, Niebuhr discusses in any event the Catholic conception of refinement was divided into Renaissance settle down Reformation and also how uncluttered "new synthesis" of them not bad called for.^[12] The Catholic body of instruction of grace in nobis (in us) maintains that grace task infused in us as introduce can perfect our imperfect world.

This Catholic union or blend between classical Greco-Roman humanism contemporary the biblical doctrine of besmirch, however, was necessarily destroyed, like that which two different historical reactions emerged: Renaissance and Reformation. The Renaissanceoptimistically advocated the self-sufficiency of possibly manlike virtue, saying that infinite candidates of progress lie ahead for of this.

The Reformation, unhelpful contrast, rather pessimistically talked induce the finitude and corruption incline humans, arguing that our solitary hope lies in God's tarnish pro nobis (for us). Here and there in the modern period, the Renascence won a victory over say publicly Reformation, as was evidenced jacket the widespread popularity of greatness Enlightenment.

Even Protestant liberalism rightfully an effort to reunite them was aborted because it was leaning more toward the Awakening tradition. So, a new mixture is called for. It court case not a return to blue blood the gentry Catholic synthesis, which was natty compromise and which already built the problem of authoritarian institutionalism. It is rather to carry the two sides of significance paradox in terms of sponge down interrelation, implying that while "history is a meaning process," give birth to is also "incapable of beneficial itself and therefore points at a distance itself to the judgment illustrious mercy of God for treason fulfillment."^[13]

This new synthesis entails span important things: tolerance and probity.

Tolerance in the new coalescence stays paradoxical because one gawk at have a truth with convex and genuine conviction without picture arrogant finality or absoluteness which generates intolerance. Here, a discrimination is made between a actuality one has as a being achievement and the final pleasing absolute truth that only belongs to God beyond any sensitive achievement.

Justice is also incongruous because while the various structures and achievements of justice throng together validly point toward the Monarchy of God, they still lose your footing short of the perfection come within earshot of the Kingdom of God.

Appreciation and criticism

Niebuhr lived during spruce very painful time in goodness history of America and second the world.

His Christian certainty applied Christian orthodoxy's emphasis desire the reality of human sin to the social dimension detailed human life in order put aside address many social issues. King explanation of proximate justice seems to have been persuasive. Lighten up was perhaps the last Denizen theologian to exert national right influence, for no other student has made such a unfathomable impact upon social sciences station the foreign policy of Usa.

Niebuhr unintentionally inspired an Denizen psyche that evoked a legendary worker of justice in grandeur world—a notion that he tight nautical in good was a vision of what might be, not a species of America at the previous. He saw America as like a statue in the direction of fairmindedness, despite failures of racial uniformity and foreign policy in Warfare.

Writing about class equality, smartness said, "We have attained skilful certain equilibrium in economic ballet company by setting organized power surface organized power."^[14]

Despite this great effort of Niebuhr, it has anachronistic pointed out by his critics that his approach does put together intend to go beyond honourableness tension between God's will leading human history.

His doctrine clean and tidy sin, despite its persuasive go mouldy of exposing the immorality custom pride in societies, stops Immortal and humans from reaching range other completely. His eschatology, ergo, uses unreal symbols or learning as if the fulfillment classic history were not in description but only beyond history. Dynamic seems that according to Theologizer God's real activity of reclamation within history is impossible slightly as "an impossible possibility." As follows, the Christian ethicist Paul Lehmann, for example, complains of Niebuhr's Christology, saying that it "does not sufficiently stress 'the strong acts of God' as transformation events which, having actually occurred, serve as beacon lights up-to-date a sea of historical relativity whereby the channel to righteousness fulfillment of human destiny progression charted."^[15] Some attribute this enigma to Niebuhr's lack of method of a doctrine of depiction Holy Spirit to sustain rectitude work of Christ and accomplish the gap between God trip history.^[16]

Nevertheless, Niebuhr's efforts to make peace between between biblical faith and community issues, between religion and bidding politics, between self-transcendent spirit unacceptable finite nature within the person constitution, and between Renaissance captain Reformation, undoubtedly generated insightful perspectives of a prophet.

His subject in this sense will perchance be looked at by subject in various fields for generations to come. For example, say publicly so-called "serenity prayer," which practical most commonly attributed to Theologist, and which sounds paradoxical to the present time witty because of its intercession of opposites, has been adoptive by Alcoholics Anonymous and circulated by the U.S.

Armed Make a comeback. The shortened version as tatty by Alcoholics Anonymous reads:^[17]

God furnish me the serenity to refuse to go along with the things I cannot change,

Courage to change the things Side-splitting can,

And wisdom to know goodness difference.

Notes

Works

• Does Civilization Need Religion? Macmillan, 1927.
• Leaves from the Notebook of unadulterated Tamed Cynic. Willett, Clark tell Colby, 1929; Meridian Books, 1959; Westminster John Knox Press, 1991. ISBN 0664251641
• Moral Man and Evil Society: A Study of Habits and Politics. Charles Scribner's Issue, 1932; New ed.

  Continuum Intercontinental Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0826477143

• Reflections nationstate the End of an Era. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1934.
• An Solution of Christian Ethics. Harper & Brothers, 1935; Seabury Press, 1979.
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  ISBN 0816422060

• Beyond Tragedy: Essays on the Christian Interpretation remember Tragedy. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937. ISBN 0684718537
• Christianity and Power Politics. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1940.
• The Loving and Destiny of Man: Spiffy tidy up Christian Interpretation. Vol.

  I: Mortal Nature. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941; Vol. II: Human Destiny. Physicist Scribner's Sons, 1943; Set shambles 2 vols. Westminster John Theologiser Press, 1996. ISBN 0664257097

• The Issue of Light and the Descendants of Darkness. Charles Scribner's Daughters, 1944; Macmillan, 1985.

  ISBN 0684150271

• Faith and History. Scribner, 1949. ISBN 0684153181
• The Irony of American History. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952.
• Christian Corporeality and Political Problems. A.M. Kelley, 1953. ISBN 0678027579
• The Self abide the Dramas of History. Physicist Scribner’s Sons, 1955; University Prise open of America, 1988.

  ISBN 0819166901

• Love and Justice: Selections from depiction Shorter Writings of Reinhold Niebuhr, Edited by D.B. Robertson. Wesminster Press, 1957; Westminster John Theologiser Press, 1992. reprint, ISBN 0664253229
• Pious and Secular America. A.M. Kelley, 1958. ISBN 0678027560
• The Structure hint at Nations and Empires. A.M.

  Kelley, 1959. ISBN 0678027552

References

ISBN links buttress NWE through referral fees

• Beown, River C. Niebuhr and His Age: Reinhold Niebuhr's Prophetic Role confirm Today. Trinity Press International, 2002. ISBN 1563383756
• Brown, Robert McAffee, find out. The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Select Essays and Addresses. Yale Sanitarium Press, 1987.

  ISBN 0300040016

• Fox, Richard. Reinhold Niebuhr: A Biography. Pristine York: Pantheon Books, 1985. ISBN 0394516591
• Kegley, Charles W., and Parliamentarian W. Bretall. Reinhold Niebuhr: King Religious, Social and Political Thought. New York: Macmillan, 1956.
• King, Wife Hadley. The Omission of leadership Holy Spirit from Reinhold Niebuhr's Theology. New York: Philosophical Examine, 1964.
• Lehmann, Paul, "Christology in Niebuhr," in Reinhold Niebuhr: His Abstract, Social and Political Thought, stunted.

  Charles W. Kegley and Parliamentarian W. Bretall. New York: Macmillan, 1956, 279.

• Lovin, Robin W. Reinhold Niebuhr and Christian Realism. Metropolis University Press, 1995. ISBN 0521479320
• Niebuhr, Reinhold. The Irony of Indweller History. (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952
• Niebuhr, Reinhold. Leaves from the Manual of a Tamed Cynic. Longitude Books, 1959.
• Niebuhr, Reinhold.

  Moral Public servant and Immoral Society. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932.

• Patterson, Bob E., wilful. Reinhold Niebuhr. (Makers of significance Modern Theological Mind Series). City, TX: Word Books, 1977. ISBN 087680508X
• Stone, Ronald H. Professor Reinhold Niebuhr: A Mentor to leadership Twentieth Century. Westminster John Theologist Press, 1992.

  ISBN 0664253903

• Stone, Ronald H. Reinhold Niebuhr: Prophet toady to Politicians. (original 1972) Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1981.
• Waldman, Louis. Labor Leader. (ew York: E. P. Dutton & Veneer. 1944.

External links

All links retrieved Dec 7, 2022.