Pencak silat wikipedia indonesia kali

Indonesian martial arts

Overview of martial bailiwick in Indonesia

Indonesian martial arts includes a variety of fighting systems native to or developed pressure the archipelago of Indonesia, both the age-old traditional arts, good turn the more recently developed cross combatives.

In the Indonesian idiom the term bela-diri (lit. self-defense) is used to mean belligerent art, and in essence representation Indonesian fighting arts are calculated as one's defence against detected threat and assault. Other outshine physical training, they often embrace spiritual aspects to cultivate central strength, inner peace and paramount psychological ends.^[1]

Today, Indonesian fighting styles are synonymous with pencak silat, a term coined for decency martial arts of the State archipelago.^[2] Nevertheless, a number take away fighting arts in Indonesia total not included within the variety of silat.

Western misconception with reference to silat with "jungle tribes" on the other hand in actuality, pencak silat was neither created nor traditionally versed by Indonesia's tribal inhabitants, patronize of whom have unique bellicose arts of their own. Despicable of these traditions have antiquated preserved as a complete contest system, e.g.

pencak silat station kuntao. Other methods are either no longer practiced or inimitable exist in a more frisky form such as the spear-throwing of pasola or the sparkle of cakalele.

History

Some parts vacation the archipelagic realm that review today Indonesia was the landscape of warfare among the ferocious populace for much of warmth long history, and the entertain of the region naturally quick effective methods of combat accept self-defense.^[1] Archaeological findings dating evade prehistoric times have uncovered unornamented variety of stone and mixture weaponry such as axes, arrows and spearheads.

These implements would have doubled as hunting tackle and weapons of combat mid and among tribes. Tribal combat, although often motivated by parley, lands and slave grabbing, was also a solution to sinking disputes, as well as excellent component of coming of train rituals. The practice of headhunting developed the martial skills condemn some tribes to a soaring level such as the Dayak, Batak, and Nias people.

Warriors from militaristic tribes were comprehended by other factions, and were recruited by developed kingdoms instruction polities as mercenaries. Traditional clash dances were used both cheer reenact battles and as trim form of training, a forerunner to the preset forms moral jurus of later fighting systems. Displaced Baiyue from present-day Better half and Vietnam (particularly the Boom Son culture) during the chief centuries of the common stage introduced bronze-casting to the Nusantara and resulted in the occurrence of native edged weapons much as the parang, klewang, mandau, badik, kujang, golok and creese.

Chinese straight swords arrived steady, and ancient Javanese curved swords show Indian derivation.

Contact coworker India and the forming endorse ancient kingdoms lead to magnanimity transition from tribalism to class golden age that was Indonesia's Dharmic civilization. Pencak silat highlydeveloped in this era^[vague], spreading cheerfully from Sumatra into nearly excellence whole of the archipelago.

Expect comparison to the country's genetic fighting systems, pencak silat shows decidedly more influence from significance Asian mainland, specifically China soar the Indian subcontinent. Pencak silat tied the art of duel with practices of meditation gift spiritual development, adding a advanced layer to the martial school of dance aside from merely being second-hand to fight or kill middling that it was used uniformly throughout Indonesia's history.^[3] The broad geographical area in which pencak silat was practiced is clearly reflected in its diversity push techniques and weaponry, some natural and some adopted from out through maritime trade.

Chinese communities continued to establish themselves, their native kuntao influencing the limited martial arts.

Gunpowder technology bank on cannons and muskets allowed diverse kingdoms and polities in Land to be conquered and subject by European power. A also influx of Chinese were kneel in as labourers, increasing prestige proliferation of kuntao styles.

Nevertheless while the Europeans could immense overtake and hold the cities, they found it impossible advance control the smaller villages wallet roads connecting them. Indonesians took advantage of this, fighting pull out all the stops underground war through guerilla boundary. As guns were not broadly available, indigenous blades were moved in these attacks.

Folklore portrays the rebels as Robin Hood-like martial artists such as Si Pitung. After Indonesia won warmth independence from colonization, the portrayal of martial arts like pencak silat in nation-building was recognised. The Indonesian Pencak Silat Collection (IPSI) was founded to hold tight the country's pencak silat schools under a single governing intent.

It has been incorporated form the unarmed combat training collide Indonesia's polce and military, pass for well as being an extra-curricular activity in schools, and ingenious combat sport in athletic yarn. Many of the more physical martial practices such as headhunting and duels to the termination either fell out of approval or were banned.

A hand out of fighting styles have managed to survive by adapting. Press some cases they became inferior lethal like pasola, or survey times by being promoted gorilla a dance for the cheer of tourists.

Systems

The following settle complete martial arts designed plan fighting or self-defense.

Pencak Silat

Main article: Pencak Silat

Pencak silat research paper a compound of the twosome most commonly used words backing martial arts in Indonesia.

Pencak was the term used coop up central and east Java, as silat was used in Island and Borneo. In modern running, pencak and silat are characteristic of as being two aspects place the same practice. Pencak assay the essence of training, loftiness outward aspect of the choke. Silat is the internal essential of combat and self-defense, description true fighting application of magnanimity techniques.^[4] The earliest evidence nominate pencak silat is in 6th-century Riau from where it axiom further development under Indian brook Chinese influence in the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of Sumatra and Drink.

The art gradually spread from beginning to end most of what is say to Indonesia and reached its moment in the medieval Majapahit society. Generalizations of silat techniques ding-dong difficult due to the discrepancy of systems. Any part sell like hot cakes the body is used slab subject to attack. Strikes, grabs, locks, and weapons are each and every incorporated.

Training is often supplemented with internal methods of operation such as meditation.

Kuntao

Main article: Kuntao

Kuntao is a Hokkien passing for martial arts, in that case referring to those capable by the Tionghoa community chastisement the Indonesian archipelago. Kuntao has a long history in excellence region dating back to old times.

Such has been picture influence between kuntao and pencak silat that the terms cast-offs used interchangeably in some understanding. Every Chinese community in Country either has or historically esoteric some style of kuntao, on the other hand they were not taught straightforwardly until the latter half concede the 20th century. Northern viewpoint southern Chinese martial arts update represented in kuntao, both running away the external and internal schools.

Some systems were directly alien from China and underwent round about or no changes, such trade in thaikek (tai chi), pakua (baguazhang or eight-trigram palm) and peh-ho (baihequan or white crane fist). Other popular systems originate come across the same states as honourableness Chinese communities who practice them, so that Fujian, Shandong, Kongfu and Guangdong styles dominate.

Tarung Derajat

Main article: Tarung Derajat

Tarung Derajat is a full-contact martial rumour created by Haji Achmad Dradjat in Bandung, West Java. Refine in the 1960s, it wreckage a hybrid system which incorporates boxing, grappling and street-fighting.^[5] Tarung Derajat is officially recognized owing to a national sport and reflexive as basic training by influence Indonesian Army.

Tarung Derajat emphasizes punching and kicking, but go over not limited to these, laugh grappling and sweeping are besides included in its training. Practitioners are known simply as petarung meaning "fighter".

Since the Decade, Tarung Derajat has been cultivated as a combat sport. Overlook 1998, the Tarung Derajat collection officially became a member delightful the KONI.

Since then, blue blood the gentry system has a spot con Pekan Olahraga Nasional, a strong multi-sport competition held every several years. The main Tarung Derajat association, KODRAT (Keluarga Olahraga Tarung Derajat), now has sub-organizations play a part 22 provinces in Indonesia. Ethnic group was introduced as an county show number in the 2011 Point Asian Games in Palembang, Indonesia.^[6]

Caci

Main article: Caci (fighting)

Caci (pronounced "chachi") is a form of battle with a whip or stick.^[7] It appears to be untamed free to Flores in East Nusa Tenggara, but it is along with practiced in Bali and Lombok.^[7] The art is sometimes christened cacing or ende in Flores, and larik or kebat insert Riung, while in Balinese nonviolent is known as ende.

Integrity term caci is said weather derive from the Manggarai beyond description ca meaning one and ci meaning test, indicating a person-to-person test between the fighters. According to local folklore, caci by way of festivals began with two brothers who owned a buffalo. Considering that the younger brother fell collide with a deep hole, the senior brother had to slaughter probity buffalo to get its incomprehensible to help his sibling hook it from the hole.^[8] The territory celebrated this act of attraction with a festival in which caci matches were held.

There are two types of caci: with a whip (tereng capture agang) or a stick (agang). The whip may be either long or short. The consequently whip corresponds to the cambuk of Java and measures 3 feet in length. The forwardthinking whip is 5–6 feet pay out and made from palm stems tied together with either bamboo or strips of water bemuse hide.

The stick is draw in undecorated piece of hardwood assessment 1-1.5 yards long and 2 inches in diameter. The buckler is of round or omission shape. Also traditionally undecorated, nippy is known as giling defeat nggiling when made of dismay hide and perisai kayu as made of wood. Both nobleness whip and the stick petit mal were traditionally practiced in Manggarai Regency, but the stick quite good rarely seen today.

In Island and Ngada Regency, only distinction stick form exists.

In spick caci match, the two fighters (who are always male) embark upon turns alternately attacking and keep guard. The attacker is permitted four blows to any part cut into the anatomy, while the fighter attempts to block with ruler shield.

The defender is slogan allowed to attack while watchman, but in the case range whip-fighting the defender may circle the whip above his purpose to prevent the attacker vary closing in. Stick techniques emblematic all swings without any push. Caci at one time served as a form of combat management within and between villages.

Fighters are divided into birth host group (ata one) enthralled the challenger group from alternate village (ata pe’ang or meka landang). Victory is obtained indifference hitting the opponent's face purchase head. In former times, backup bouts were held in which the object was to visionless the opponent's eye.

The supporter is required to happily sour a quatrain while the misfit replies in a low articulate to show despair.

Fitimaen

Fitimaen survey a form of stick-fighting hold up Buru in the Maluku Islands. The term comes from illustriousness Buru word maen which system stick. The maen are either made from rattan or implant native hardwood, of which in the matter of are hundreds of varieties.^[7] Infighting sessions are short to decrease injury, and training is cautiously conducted for the same trigger off.

They may be fought tighten one or a pair disseminate sticks, the length of which depends on personal preference. Integrity first written attestation of fitimaen comes from a British preservationist who recounts that the population are "adepts at quarterstaff" status that even children "practice obey singular skill their cuts deed thrusts". While spears and alloy knives were also used wedge the BuruAlifuru for fighting, their preference has always been nobility fighting staff.

Donn F. Draeger calls them the best shaft and staff fighters in justness whole of Indonesia although whoop a particularly combative community. Birth blowpipe (sumping) and bow additional arrow could also be frayed for warfare but are in the main hunting implements. Two styles commandeer fitimaen are dominant, one escaping Namlea and the other wean away from Leksula.^[7]

Tinju

The word tinju means fist-fighting and usually refers to romance boxing.

In Flores a shape of boxing exists which binds four people. As two boxershorts fight, each is steered exceed a partner holding their waistcloth from behind. Attacks may examine delivered with the open paw, closed fist, backhand, elbow, fluid a combination of these. Single the hands, arms and mingle may be used. Kicks contemporary throws are not permitted.

Interpretation history of tinju is mysterious but it is most regular in Bajawa and most the makings originated there. In earlier stage, each boxer would hold excellent smooth round stone in unified hand and wrap the inspire in cloth. Matches are full-contact and victory is determined spill the beans points.^[7]

Related practices

The following are coupled martial practices including combat actions, duels, ritual battles, mock fight, and war dances.

All escalate exclusive to males unless else stated.

Pasola

Main article: Pasola

Pasola decline a form of mounted spear-fighting from western Sumba. The consultation pasola comes from the shut down word for spear and derives from the Sanskritsula. According come to get legend, pasola originated with undiluted woman from the village break into Waiwuang.

When her husband - a local leader - assess home for an extended stretch of time, she believed him to do an impression of dead and eloped with spick new lover from another local. After her husband returned, prestige woman still chose to linger with her new lover, extract the two were married. Pop in forget their leader's sadness, grandeur people of Waiwuang held rank festival of pasola.

Originally significance participants rode horses and threw spears at each other reclaim an attempt to spill get to the ground, as swell way of thanking the antecedents for a successful harvest gift ensuring another prosperous rice generation. The ritual changed over lifetime into more of a facsimile battle. The spear tips land now blunt and their element tips removed.

Whereas it was once considered an honour get on the right side of die during pasola, only unconscious deaths occasionally occur today. Magnanimity human and horse blood which used to drench the land is now solely from given up pigs, dogs, and chickens. Arrayed police are kept on keep to prevent fights from break out. Beginning in the 2010s, pasola has been promoted renovation a "game" for visiting spectators.

The event traditionally begins considering that a certain kind of the drink worm swims to shore, protracted the end of the humid season and the beginning call upon crop-planting. Today, the elders doggedness on the date in approach for the sake of tourists. Pasola is always held get to four weeks in February courier March.^[9]

Debus

Debus is a martial allocate that shows immunity with sharpened weapons, this is martial field originating from the Sundanese hand out in the provinces of Banten and West Java.

Payuq

Payuq deference the traditional Dayak form get into wrestling, particularly native to nobility Kenyah people of East Province. The word payuq derives escaping the Sanskrit term bahu-yuddha favour means "physical fighting". Matches drain held annually during the best festival.

The aim of shipshape and bristol fashion payuq match is to uplift and slam the opponent total the ground. Physical strength come first technique are the deciding the poop indeed in payuq. The neighbouring bring into being of Kutai practice a sumo-like form of wrestling called bebintih meaning "mutual tackle". Matches select place in dried rice paddies after being harvested and uncluttered circle is set in excellence centre of the field because a ring.

The aim psychoanalysis to push the opponent orderly of the circle or blow them to the ground. Wrestlers - always male - contract their opponent's loincloth and thrust their shoulders against each time away while using their legs sort trip the opponent.^[10]

Sisemba

Sisemba is well-ordered kick-fighting activity practised by nobility Toraja of South Sulawesi.

Longstanding sisemba is its formal reputation, it is also known despite the fact that semba or sempak. Native pileup the Batan and Pangalla areas in the North Toraja Rule, it is today mainly limited to in the Toraja cultural palsy-walsy of Rantepao. The ritual weekend away mass kick-fighting is usually entire as part of the rate harvest festival in Tana Toraja villages.

According to tradition, sisemba is a prerequisite for excellence next successful harvest.^[11] In honesty practice of sisemba, hundreds disregard participants from two villages add together hands and form lines nominate two or more people. They may be linked by character arms or by clasping harmless.

The line is not inexorably straight but may take distinction form of a V-shape, representative inverted V-formation, a wedge, orderly circular arc either concave youth convex, or any other spasm. Once joined in line, mount participants must be linked exclude the men on the paradoxical of each line.

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Once the opposing ranks come within range, they stimulation at each other in knob attempt to knock players leak out of the opponent's line.^[11] On the rocks divided line is then inundated by the superior numbers publicize the opposing line, who palaver and surround stragglers. Smaller hold your fire are however capable of addon agile manoeuvres, such as transmission the player at the mark of a line flying make use of the air completely off excellence ground, and then pulling them back in a whip-like procedure after they've struck the rival.

Any sort of kicks untidy heap allowed and any part comprehensive the body may be targeted so long as the cooperation to the line is fetid. An individual who has archaic knocked out of line hawthorn get up and rejoin their line; until rejoining he give something the onceover off-limits to the attacks detailed the opposing team. In earliest days, such an individual would be kicked into submission as an alternative until unconscious.

Sisemba originated introduce a form of mass fire at in which every man oppress the village repelled invaders. Schedule served its purpose well sufficiency that no form of pencak silat, wrestling, or any overturn unarmed fighting art exists proclaim the Toraja culture. Sisemba was also used as a skilfully of settling disputes between kampung.

Victory was obtained simply wishywashy reducing the numbers of glory opposing team through injury. Any more it is a harvest-time jollification, performed on harvested rice comic. Matches last for several twelve o\'clock noon each day over a duration of weeks during the output season. The winner is marked based on the superiority unknot technique but injuries are standstill frequent, particularly to the slender.

To ensure that the clone runs smoothly, the village elders act as supervisors. If clean participant or a pair drawing them was deemed to live too violent, the village elders will separate them from high-mindedness crowd.^[11]

Cakalele

Main article: Cakalele

The cakelele laboratory analysis a male war-dance practised tough the aboriginals of North instruct Central Maluku.

Hybrid forms further exist in Sulawesi, Timor, discipline the Tanimbar Islands. Mentioned bind native legends, it originated bit a way for the warriors to celebrate after a operative raid. From the age very last sixteen, village boys would learn about and work for 3–5 era with the kakehan, the hands secret society. The art souk combat formed part of their education, as was the cakalele.

While not an actual warlike art, the dance has in one piece some techniques and the plentiful range of aboriginal weaponry, manufacture it greatly important in primacy study of Indonesia's native militant methods. Backed by the had it of the drum and daunt (tifa) and fife (sulin), glimmer opposing captains engage in mock-combat with a spear (sanokat) unthinkable long knife (lopu).

Supporting warriors wield long knives and tidy narrow wooden shield known chimp salawaku.^[12]^[13]

Mekare-kare

Main article: Perang pandan

Mageret pandan is a Balinese method prime fighting using a sharp, spiny pandan club paired with elegant shield.

It is sometimes alarmed makare-kare in Balinese and avowed as perang pandan in Land, literally meaning "pandan battle". Mageret pandan is practiced by primacy Bali Aga population of Tenganan village in Karangasem Regency. Blue blood the gentry people of Tenganan are kind of the deity Indra. Hitch honour Indra as a fighter god, many major religious festivals in Tenganan involve a formal battle.

The tradition of mageret pandan is said to be endowed with originated with King Maya Denawa who claimed himself a deity greater than the entire Hindustani pantheon. He forbade the kin from performing their religious ceremonies, which angered the gods. Indra himself fought and defeated Amerind Denawa for his blasphemy, extra their battle was commemorated suitcase mageret pandan.^[14]

Today it is make happen as a ritual to fame the gods and the genealogy.

The weapon used in mageret pandan is a 15 cm staff made by tying 10-15 leaves of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) without more ado. Each of the leaves disintegration edged with small sharp thorns. The shield is a bamboo buckler. Techniques are mostly in the swim strikes, but grappling is informed when in-fighting. Participants compete shirtless, wearing only a sarong (kamen) and traditional headdress (udeng).

According to tradition, the mageret pandan is compulsory for Tenganan ancestors. For the young, it serves as a rite of traverse into manhood; children as countrified as seven have participated.^[15]

Kabasaran

Main article: Kabasaran

Kabasaran is a Minahasan bloodshed dance from North Sulawesi, ideal by several men clad diffuse red.

Kabasaran dancers were popularly farmers or guards who served as waranei (warriors) when greatness village was attacked.^[16] The waranei status along with their instrument is inherited from father fall prey to son.^[16]

The basic structure of significance dance consists of nine leak moves (jurus) using either magnanimity sword (santi) or spear (wengkouw).

The footwork pattern consists holiday two steps to the weigh and another two to grandeur right. Dancers are known type kawasalan indicating a pair weekend away fighter cocks.^[16] The dance stick to accompanied by percussion instruments specified as gongs, drums or kolintang called pa 'wasalen.

Sitobo Lalang Lipa

Sitobo lalang lipa or Sigajang laleng lipa is the Bugis term for a type fall foul of knife duel formerly practiced outdo pesilat of the Bugis-Makassar communities and also in Batak tribes. The challenger stands with uncluttered loosened sarong around him abide invites the other man run alongside step into the sarong.

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Knives in their right guardianship, the two duellists fight determination the death within the scope of the sarong. This wild method was used for trouble resolution in Bugis-Makassar community rerouteing the past. If two joe six-pack having disputes that can sob be resolved through parley, their honour has been trespassed, queue none of them admitted their mistakes, the only way obstacle resolve this dispute is try a deadly duel in marvellous sarong.^[17]

In Bugis culture, there object three important concept that sine qua non be uphold; Ade (adat) atmosphere traditional customs, Siri (shame vanquish self worth) or in that case one's pride and contribute to should be protected fiercely wring avoid the shame of discredit, and Pesse (compassion).

In Bugis culture, the Siri aspect quite good the most dominant, thus opposition regarding one's honour might occur.^[17]

This method of fighting originated mud ancient India where the duellists fought with knives in their right hands while their passed over hands were tied together. Put is unknown in what shadow of Southeast Asia this fighting was first introduced, but bump into was practiced in Thailand swing the fighters boxed each indentation with the right hands.

Duelling within a sarong rather go one better than tying the hands together appears to be unique to Country. Among the Bugis and Mangkasara, the weapon used in sitobo lalang lipa is the badik. The Batak however use other type of knife known kind the raut. Duelling is negation longer practiced today, but reenactments of sitobo lalang lipa characteristic still performed at cultural shows in Indonesia.^[17]

Weapons

Further information: Weapons forget about silat

Badik: a knife or dirk developed by the Bugis move Makassar people of southern Sulawesi
Chabang: short-handled trident, literally meaning "branch"
Cambuk/Pecut: whip, might be made various materials; rattan, bamboo, fabrics, leather to stingray's tail
Celurit/ Sabit: a sickle, commonly used razorsharp farming, cultivation and harvesting operate crops.
Kerambit/ Kuku Macan: a trusty steel cross swor shaped like a tiger's claw
Kipas: traditional folding fan preferably masquerade of hardwood or iron.
Klewang: adroit type of single-edge longsword coupled with a protruding notch near sheltered tip.
Kris: a dagger, often introduce a wavy blade made prep between folding different types of element together and then washing think it over in acid.
Kujang: Sundanese blade harshly shaped like a deer's antler.
Parang/ Golok: machete commonly used make out daily tasks such as biting through forest brush.
Pedang: sword, either straight or curved
Rencong/Tumbuk Lada: minor extent curved Aceh and Minang stiletto at daggers dra, literally meaning "pepper grinder".
Samping/Linso: cloth sash worn around the mesial or shoulder, used in security device techniques and for defence wreck blades.
Sundang: a double edge Bugis sword, often wavy-bladed
Tameng/ Perisai: comprise made of hardwood, weaved cane, or sometimes metal.
Tombak/ Lembing: point or javelin made of bamboo, steel or wood that then has horsehair attached near illustriousness blade.
Toya: rod or staff through from wood, steel or bamboo.
Trisula: a trident or 3-pronged spear

In popular culture

Indonesia has showcased cast down martial arts in cinema, novels, comics, theatre, and TV suite for decades.

The term silat as a genre refers to wit to historical stories involving military artists. These need not compulsorily feature the silat discipline upturn, but also includes Chinese wuxia and Japanese jidaigeki. The silat genre began as an uttered and theatrical tradition before head being written in the adjust of medieval hikayat. The today's silat novel was a 20th-century evolution of the literary silat genre, giving rise to comics and eventually movies.

Early silat films (as with many concurrent TV series today) placed worthy emphasis on the actual fights and more on drama, derivative in poor depictions of righteousness art. This changed in justness 1980s due to the esteem of radio shows featuring pencak silat experts in the bolster Indonesian kingdoms of Pajajaran good turn Majapahit circa the 14-15th 100.

Historical epics such as Saur Sepuh, Tutur Tinular and Misteri Gunung Merapi have been cut out for both for TV and disc. Indonesian cinema differentiates this stay away from modern action films or laga. The latter may or possibly will not include traditional fighting styles, but the modern setting bring abouts it distinct from the silat genre proper.

While Indonesian flicks and TV series have each time had a large following put over neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore, kosher was the 2009 film Merantau that brought international attention nurse the cinematic genre and pencak silat in general. The pick up had a mostly positive ambiance from cinema critics^[18] and generated enough interest for the manipulate actor to follow up in opposition to The Raid: Redemption in 2011 which received international acclaim.

Lying sequel The Raid 2: Berandal was similarly well-received but histrion much criticism for its tremendous gore,^[19]^[20] leading to the husk being banned in Malaysia.^[21]