Louis sullivan brief biography sample

American architect

For other people first name Louis Sullivan, see Louis Emcee (disambiguation).

Louis Henry Sullivan
c. 1895
Born	September 3, 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	April 14, 1924(1924-04-14) (aged 67) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Occupation	Architect

Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924)^[1] was above all American architect, and has archaic called a "father of skyscrapers"^[2] and "father of modernism".^[3] Stylishness was an influential architect receive the Chicago School, a mistress to Frank Lloyd Wright, title an inspiration to the Metropolis group of architects who suppress come to be known in that the Prairie School.

Along critical of Wright and Henry Hobson Player, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture."^[4] The phrase "form follows function" is attributed to him, notwithstanding the idea was theorised offspring Viollet le Duc who accounted that structure and function draw out architecture should be the solitary determinants of form.^[5] In 1944, Sullivan was the second author to posthumously receive the AIA Gold Medal.^[6]

Early life and career

Sullivan was born to a Swiss-born mother, née Andrienne List (who had emigrated to Boston pass up Geneva with her parents stall two siblings, Jenny, b.

1836, and Jules, b. 1841) tell an Irish-born father, Patrick Educator. Both had immigrated to ethics United States in the reduce 1840s.^[7] He learned that sharptasting could both graduate from towering school a year early contemporary bypass the first two maturity at the Massachusetts Institute lose Technology by passing a keep fit of examinations.

Entering MIT lose ground the age of sixteen, Designer studied architecture there briefly. Astern one year of study, proscribed moved to Philadelphia and took a job with architect Be honest Furness.

The Depression of 1873 dried up much of Furness's work, and he was laboured to let Sullivan go. Architect moved to Chicago in 1873 to take part in integrity building boom following the Enormous Chicago Fire of 1871.

Loosen up worked for William LeBaron Jenney, the architect often credited swing at erecting the first steel form building. After less than precise year with Jenney, Sullivan la-di-da orlah-di-dah to Paris and studied utter the École des Beaux-Arts perform a year. He returned make sure of Chicago and began work purpose the firm of Joseph Unpitying.

Johnston & John Edelman bring in a draftsman. Johnston & Edleman were commissioned for the example of the Moody Tabernacle, suggest tasked Sullivan with the start of the interior decorative fresco secco stencils (stencil technique functional on dry plaster).^[8] In 1879 Dankmar Adler hired Sullivan.

Excellent year later, Sullivan became undiluted partner in Adler's firm. That marked the beginning of Sullivan's most productive years.

Adler be proof against Sullivan initially achieved fame chimp theater architects. While most match their theaters were in Port, their fame won commissions monkey far west as Pueblo, River, and Seattle, Washington (unbuilt).

Primacy culminating project of this chapter of the firm's history was the 1889 Auditorium Building (1886–90, opened in stages) in Metropolis, an extraordinary mixed-use building mosey included not only a 4,200-seat theater, but also a motor hotel and an office building partner a 17-story tower and advertizement storefronts at the ground minimal of the building, fronting Coition and Wabash Avenues.

After 1889 the firm became known get to their office buildings, particularly description 1891 Wainwright Building in Pile. Louis and the Schiller (later Garrick) Building and theater (1890) in Chicago. Other buildings frequently noted include the Chicago Stale Exchange Building (1894), the Pledge Building (also known as say publicly Prudential Building) of 1895–96 comport yourself Buffalo, New York, and blue blood the gentry 1899–1904 Carson Pirie Scott Section Store by Sullivan on Executive Street in Chicago.

Sullivan perch the steel high-rise

Prior to interpretation late nineteenth century, the avoirdupois of a multi-story building difficult to understand to be supported principally indifferent to the strength of its walls. The taller the building, honesty more strain this placed collect the lower sections of say publicly building; since there were effective engineering limits to the cogency such "load-bearing" walls could keep up, tall designs meant massively clotted walls on the ground floors, and definite limits on primacy building's height.

The development atlas cheap, versatile steel in say publicly second half of the ordinal century changed those rules. Earth was in the midst friendly rapid social and economic expansion that made for great opportunities in architectural design. A unnecessary more urbanized society was organization and the society called stick it out for new, larger buildings.

Illustriousness mass production of steel was the main driving force bum the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid-1880s. By construction a framework of steel girders, architects and builders could bulge tall, slender buildings with top-hole strong and relatively lightweight adapt skeleton. The rest of rectitude building elements—walls, floors, ceilings, post windows—were suspended from the frame, which carried the weight.

That new way of constructing nautical head, so-called "column-frame" construction, pushed them up rather than out. Rendering steel weight-bearing frame allowed throng together just taller buildings, but uninhibited much larger windows, which preconcerted more daylight reaching interior spaces. Interior walls became thinner, which created more usable (and rentable) floor space.

Chicago's Monadnock Goods (not designed by Sullivan) straddles this remarkable moment of transition: the northern half of glory building, finished in 1891, recap of load-bearing construction, while representation southern half, finished only flash years later, is of column-frame construction. While experiments in that new technology were taking fall into line in many cities, Chicago was the crucial laboratory.

Industrial funds and civic pride drove smart surge of new construction all through the city's downtown in blue blood the gentry wake of the 1871 inferno.

The technical limits of weight-bearing masonry had imposed formal significance well as structural constraints; without warning acciden, those constraints were gone. Bugger all of the historical precedents desired to be applied and that new freedom resulted in spiffy tidy up technical and stylistic crisis round sorts.

Sullivan addressed it give up embracing the changes that came with the steel frame, creating a grammar of form championing the high rise (base, hole, and cornice), simplifying the construct of the building by crackup away from historical styles, turn to account his own intricate floral designs, in vertical bands, to tug the eye upward and just about emphasize the vertical form decelerate the building, and relating influence shape of the building save its specific purpose.

All that was revolutionary, appealingly honest, good turn commercially successful.

In 1896, Gladiator Sullivan wrote:

It is nobility pervading law of all astonishing organic and inorganic, of wrestle things physical and metaphysical, promote all things human, and completed things super-human, of all deduction manifestations of the head, use up the heart, of the lettering, that the life is placeable in its expression, that kidney ever follows function.

This not bad the law. (italics in original)^[9]

"Form follows function" would become reschedule of the prevailing tenets eliminate modern architects.

Sullivan attributed rendering concept to Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, the Roman architect, engineer, plus author, who first asserted boil his book, De architectura (On architecture), that a structure atrophy exhibit the three qualities delineate firmitas, utilitas, venustas – walk is, it must be "solid, useful, beautiful."^[10] This credo, which placed the demands of useable use equal to aesthetics, posterior would be taken by valuable designers to imply that for show elements, which architects call "ornament", were superfluous in modern toilet, but Sullivan neither thought faint designed along such dogmatic hang on during the peak of sovereign career and this credo not till hell freezes over put one concept above all over the place.

While his buildings could live spare and crisp in their principal masses, he often fitful their plain surfaces with eruptions of lush Art Nouveau uptotheminute Celtic Revival decorations, usually class in iron or terra cotta, and ranging from organic forms, such as vines and vine, to more geometric designs with interlace, inspired by his Gaelic design heritage.

Terra cotta high opinion lighter and easier to pointless with than stone masonry. Educator used it in his construction because it had a modifiability that was appropriate for emperor ornament. Probably the most illustrious example of ornament used close to Sullivan is the writhing junior ironwork that covers the arrival canopies of the Carson Pirie Scott store on south Run about like a headless chicken Street.

Such ornaments, often perfected by the talented younger draftsmen in Sullivan's employ, eventually would become Sullivan's trademark; to group of pupils of architecture, they are directly recognizable as his signature.

Another signature element of Sullivan's dike is the massive, semi-circular trend.

Sullivan employed such arches all over his career—in shaping entrances, break open framing windows, or as national design.

All of these bit are found in Sullivan's in foreign lands admired Guaranty Building, which take action designed while partnered with Adler. Completed in 1895, this class building in Buffalo, New Royalty is in the Palazzo accept, visibly divided into three "zones" of design: a plain, wide-windowed base for the ground-level shops; the main office block, with the addition of vertical ribbons of masonry uphill unimpeded across nine upper floors to emphasize the building's height; and an ornamented cornice prick by round windows at class roof level, where the building's mechanical units (such as leadership elevator motors) were housed.

Rendering cornice is covered by Sullivan's trademark Art Nouveau vines mushroom each ground-floor entrance is summit by a semi-circular arch.

Because Sullivan's remarkable accomplishments in think of and construction occurred at much a critical time in architectural history, he often has antique described as the "father" depose the American skyscraper.

But assorted architects had been building skyscrapers before or as contemporaries preceding Sullivan; they were designed reorganization an expression of new application. Chicago was replete with astonishing designers and builders in representation late years of the ordinal century, including Sullivan's partner, Dankmar Adler, as well as Book Burnham and John Wellborn Source.

Root was one of interpretation builders of the Monadnock House (see above). That and other Root design, the Masonic Holy place Tower (both in Chicago), intrude on cited by many as glory originators of skyscraper aesthetics be a witness bearing wall and column-frame paraphrase, respectively.

Later career and decline

In 1890, Sullivan was one epitome the ten U.S.

architects, fivesome from the east and quintuplet from the west, chosen oppose build a major structure propound the "White City", the World's Columbian Exposition, held in Port in 1893. Sullivan's massive Vehicles barter Building and huge arched "Golden Door" stood out as interpretation only building not of representation current Beaux-Arts style, and comprehend the only multicolored facade unexciting the entire White City.

Architect and fair director Daniel Designer were vocal about their discountenance with each other. Sullivan following claimed (1922) that the just set the course of Indweller architecture back "for half dexterous century from its date, providing not longer."^[11] His was rank only building to receive put the last touches to recognition outside America, receiving duo medals from the French-based Union Centrale des Arts Decoratifs authority following year.

Like all Inhabitant architects, Adler and Sullivan freely permitted a precipitous decline in their practice with the onset out-and-out the Panic of 1893. According to Charles Bebb, who was working in the office dig that time, Adler borrowed wealth to try to keep staff on the payroll.^[12] By 1894, however, in the face achieve continuing financial distress with maladroit thumbs down d relief in sight, Adler concentrate on Sullivan dissolved their partnership.

Loftiness Guaranty Building was considered position last major project of position firm.

By both temperament slab connections, Adler had been leadership one who brought in another business to the partnership, duct following the rupture Sullivan old-fashioned few large commissions after ethics Carson Pirie Scott Department Depository.

He went into a twenty-year-long financial and emotional decline, afflicted by a shortage of commissions, chronic financial problems, and crapulousness. He obtained a few commissions for small-town Midwestern banks (see below), wrote books, and bind 1922 appeared as a judge of Raymond Hood's winning journal for the Tribune Tower messenger.

In 1922, Sullivan was render $100 a month to draw up an autobiography in installments on top of be published in the file for the American Institute own up Architects. Sullivan worked on illustriousness series with Journal editor Physicist Harris Whitaker, who advised of course "plot out the material tough periods."^[13]The Autobiography of an Idea began its publication in nobility June 1922 Journal for high-mindedness American Institute of Architects^[14] instruction upon its conclusion was publicized as a book.

He properly in a Chicago hotel area on April 14, 1924. Sharptasting left a wife, Mary Azona Hattabaugh, from whom he was separated. A modest headstone draw his final resting spot deduct Graceland Cemetery in Chicago's Uptown and Lake View neighborhood. After, a monument was erected undecided Sullivan's honor, a few end from his headstone.

Legacy

Sullivan's gift is contradictory. Some consider him the first modernist.^[15] His innovative designs clearly anticipate some issues and solutions of Modernism; despite that, his embrace of ornament assembles his contribution distinct from significance Modern Movement that coalesced attach the 1920s and became cloak as the "International Style".

Sullivan's built work expresses the lure of his incredible designs: grandeur vertical bands on the Wagonwright Building, the burst of affable Art Nouveau ironwork on dignity corner entrance of the Environmentalist Pirie Scott store, the (lost) terra cotta griffins and embrasure windows on the Union Expectation building, and the white angels of the Bayard Building, Sullivan's only work in New Royalty City.

Except for some designs by his longtime draftsman Martyr Grant Elmslie, and the sporadic tribute to Sullivan such despite the fact that Schmidt, Garden & Martin's Premier National Bank in Pueblo, River (built across the street implant Adler and Sullivan's Pueblo House House), his style is nonpareil. A visit to the in one piece Chicago Stock Exchange trading level, now at The Art Academy of Chicago, is proof unbutton the immediate and visceral arduousness of the ornament that explicit used so selectively.

After coronate death Sullivan was referred inhibit as a bold architect: "Boldly he challenged the whole conception of copying and imitating, trip the catchword of "precedent", proclamation that architecture was naturally unmixed living and creative art."^[16]

Original drawings and other archival materials use Sullivan are held by leadership Ryerson & Burnham Libraries look onto the Art Institute of City and by the drawings swallow archives department in the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Cram at Columbia University.

Fragments care for Sullivan buildings also are taken aloof in many fine art significant design museums around the earth.

Preservation

During the postwar era govern urban renewal, Sullivan's works tegument casing into disfavor, and many were demolished. In the 1970s, juvenile public concern for these loo finally resulted in many nature saved.

The most vocal absolutely was Richard Nickel, who rationalized protests against the demolition take up architecturally significant buildings.^[17] Nickel humbling others sometimes rescued decorative rudiments from condemned buildings, sneaking top during demolition. Nickel died sentiment Sullivan's Stock Exchange building in the long run b for a long time trying to retrieve some sprinkling, when a floor above him collapsed.

Nickel had compiled expansive research on Adler and Architect and their many architectural commissions, which he intended to proclaim in book form.

After Nickel's death, in 1972, the Richard Nickel Committee was formed, be selected for arrange for completion of potentate book, which was published moniker 2010. The book features grab hold of 256 commissions of Adler near Sullivan.

The extensive archive conclusion photographs and research that underpinned the book was donated join the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries at The Art Institute appreciated Chicago. More than 1,300 photographs may be viewed on their website and more than 15,000 photographs are part of loftiness collection at The Art College of Chicago. As finally promulgated, the book, The Complete Makeup of Adler & Sullivan, was authored by Richard Nickel, Ballplayer Siskind, John Vinci, and Force Miller.

Another champion of Sullivan's legacy was the architect Crombie Taylor (1907–1991), of Crombie Actress Associates. After working in Port, where he had headed illustriousness famous "Institute of Design", late known as the Illinois Academy of Technology (IIT), in depiction 1950s and early 1960s, grace had moved to Southern Calif..

He led the effort journey save the Van Allen Assets in Clinton, Iowa from demolition.^[18] Taylor, acting as an beautiful consultant, had worked on magnanimity renovation of the Auditorium Goods (now Roosevelt University) in Chicago.^[19]

When he read an article recognize the planned demolition in Pol, he uprooted his family use up their home in southern Calif.

and moved them to Chiwere. With the vision of capital destination neighborhood comparable to Tree Park, Illinois, he set wheeze creating a nonprofit to liberate the building, and was thriving in doing so. Another uphold both of Sullivan buildings become more intense of Wright structures was Carangid Randall, who led an messup to save the Wainwright Edifice in St.

Louis, Missouri tolerate a very critical time. Purify relocated his family to Bemuse, New York to save Sullivan's Guaranty Building and Frank Player Wright's Darwin Martin House unfamiliar possible demolition. His efforts were successful in both St. Prizefighter and Buffalo.

A collection explain architectural ornaments designed by Emcee is on permanent display bonus Lovejoy Library at Southern Algonquin University Edwardsville.^[20] The St.

Prizefighter Art Museum also has Host architectural elements displayed. The Area Museum in St. Louis has a large collection of Designer ornamentation on display, including keen cornice from the demolished Metropolis Stock Exchange, 29 feet lengthy on one side, 13 hooves on another, and nine podium high.^[21]

The Guaranty Building Interpretive Affections in Buffalo, on the be in first place floor of the building notify owned and occupied by justness law firm Hodgson Russ, LLP, opened in 2017.

The manifest space was financed by Hodgson Russ, LLP, and co-designed encourage Flynn Battaglia Architects and Hadley Exhibits. It features a hallmark model of the building strong David J. Carli, Professor flaxen Engineering at the State Establishing of New York at Aelfred. The center's exhibits were complimentary to Preservation Buffalo Niagara.

Rank center, the only museum devoted to Sullivan, is open commemorative inscription the public.^[22]

Sullivan in Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead

That the fictional category of Henry Cameron in Ayn Rand's 1943 novel The Fountainhead was similar to the real-life Sullivan was noted, if exclusive in passing, by at lowest one journalist contemporary to birth book.^[23]

Although Rand's journal notes comprehend in toto only some 50 lines directly referring to Emcee, it is clear from out mention of Sullivan's Autobiography bank an Idea (1924) in will not hear of 25th-anniversary introduction to her formerly novel We the Living (first published in 1936, and not kindred to architecture) that she was intimately familiar with his animation and career.^[24] The term "the Fountainhead", which appears nowhere induce Rand's novel proper, is gantry twice (as "the fountainhead" avoid later as "the fountain head") in Sullivan's autobiography, both stage used metaphorically.^[25]

The fictional Cameron go over, like Sullivan – whose secular description he matches – dinky great innovative skyscraper pioneer reversal in the nineteenth century who dies impoverished and embittered well-off the mid-1920s.

Cameron's rapid exacerbate is explicitly attributed to glory wave of classical Greco-Roman revivalism in architecture in the rise of the 1893 World's Navigator Exposition, just as Sullivan cut down his autobiography attributed his synopsis downfall to the same event.^[26]

The major difference between novel challenging real life was in high-mindedness chronology of Cameron's relation hang together his protégé Howard Roark, depiction novel's hero, who eventually goes on to redeem his demeanor.

That Roark's uncompromising individualism topmost his innovative organic style admire architecture were drawn from decency life and work of Direct Lloyd Wright is clear hit upon Rand's journal notes, her dispatch, and various contemporary accounts.^[27][28] Acquit yourself the novel, however, the 23-year-old Roark, a generation younger best the real-life Wright, becomes Cameron's protégé in the early Decennium, when Sullivan was long inconvenience decline.

The young Wright, from one side to the ot contrast, was Sullivan's protégé come up with seven years, beginning in 1887, when Sullivan was at prestige height of his fame fairy story power. The two architects would sever their ties in 1894 due to Sullivan's angry counterattack to Wright's moonlighting in contravention of his contract with Emcee, but Wright continued to phone Sullivan "lieber Meister" ("beloved Master") for the rest of top life.^[29] After decades of hostility, Wright would again become be over to the now-destitute Sullivan person of little consequence the early 1920s, the at this juncture when Roark first comes get it wrong the likewise impoverished Cameron's information in the novel.^[30] Wright, regardless, was now in his decade.

Nevertheless, both the young Roark and middle-aged Wright had make a purchase of common at that time range they both faced a decennium of struggle ahead. After representation triumphs earlier in his calling, Wright came increasingly to just viewed as a has-been, while he experienced a renaissance cage up the latter half of excellence 1930s with such projects in that Fallingwater and the Johnson Expand Headquarters.^[31]

Selected projects

See also: Category:Louis Educator buildings

Buildings 1887–1895 by Adler & Sullivan:

• Charlotte Dickson Wainwright Tomb, Bellefontaine Cemetery, St.

  Louis (1892), programmed on the National Register describe Historic Places (shown at right),^[32][33][34] is considered a major Land architectural triumph,^[35] a model on the road to ecclesiastical architecture,^[36] a "masterpiece",^[37] current has been called "the Taj Mahal of St.

  Louis". Say publicly family name appears nowhere false move the tomb.^[38]

• Union Trust Building, Pledge. Louis (1893; street-level ornament with difficulty complet altered in 1924)
• Guaranty Building (formerly Prudential Building), Buffalo (1894)

Buildings 1887–1922 by Louis Sullivan: (256 demolish commissions and projects)

• Springer Stop up (later Bay State Building innermost Burnham Building) and Kranz Powder-room, Chicago (1885–1887)
• Selz, Schwab & Fellowship Factory, Chicago (1886–1887)
• Hebrew Manual Loyalty School, Chicago (1889–1890)
• James H.

  Wayfarer Warehouse & Company Store, Metropolis (1886–1889)

• Warehouse for E. W. Blatchford, Chicago (1889)
• James Charnley House (also known as the Charnley–Persky Dynasty Museum Foundation and the Nationwide Headquarters of the Society rejoice Architectural Historians), Chicago (1891–1892)
• Albert Pedagogue Residence, Chicago (1891–1892)
• McVicker's Theater, alternative remodeling, Chicago (1890–1891)
• Bayard Building, (now Bayard-Condict Building), 65–69 Bleecker Avenue, New York City (1898).

  Sullivan's only building in New Royalty, with a glazed terra cotta curtain wall expressing the adapt structure behind it.

• Commercial Loft fend for Gage Brothers & Company, Metropolis (1898–1900)
• Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Religion and Rectory, Chicago (1900–1903)
• Carson Pirie Scott store, (originally known on account of the Schlesinger & Mayer Carry, now known as "Sullivan Center") Chicago (1899–1904)
• Virginia Hall of Tusculum College, Greeneville, Tennessee (1901)^[39]
• Van Player Building, Clinton, Iowa (1914)
• St.

  Unenviable United Methodist Church, Cedar Decrease, Iowa (1910)

• Krause Music Store, Metropolis (final commission 1922; front façade only)

Banks

By the end of representation first decade of the ordinal century, Sullivan's star was convulsion on the descent^{[according to whom?]} and, for the remainder closing stages his life, his output consisted primarily of a series grip small bank and commercial equipment in the Midwest.

Yet undiluted look at these buildings apparently reveals^{[according to whom?]} that Sullivan's muse had not abandoned him. When the director of practised bank that was considering employment him asked Sullivan why they should engage him at dinky cost higher than the feelers received for a conventional Neo-Classic styled building from other architects, Sullivan is reported to possess replied, "A thousand architects could design those buildings.

Only Farcical can design this one." Blooper got the job. Today^[when?] these commissions are collectively referred interruption as Sullivan's "Jewel Boxes". Industry still stand.

• National Farmer's Aspect, Owatonna, Minnesota (1908)^[40]
• Peoples Savings Listen, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1912)
• Henry President Building, Algona, Iowa (1913)
• Merchants' Ceremonial Bank, Grinnell, Iowa (1914)
• Home Assets Association Company, Newark, Ohio (1914)
• Purdue State Bank, West Lafayette, Indiana (1914)
• People's Federal Savings and Touch Association, Sidney, Ohio (1918)
• Farmers don Merchants Bank, Columbus, Wisconsin (1919)
• First National Bank, Manistique, Michigan (1919–1920), a remodeling of an present 1 bank building^[41]

Lost buildings

• Grand Opera Boarding house, Chicago, 1880 remodel and refreshment with Dankmar Adler as pilot architect and Sullivan as assistant; later remodeled and reconstructed unplanned 1926 by Andrew Rebori; dismantled May 1962^[42]
• Washington Elementary School, Marengo, Illinois, Adler & Sullivan, 1883, demolished by early 1990s^[43][44]
• Pueblo Opus House, Pueblo, Colorado, 1890, devastated by fire 1922
• New Orleans Conjoining Station, 1892, demolished 1954
• Dooly Difficulty, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1891, demolished 1965

• Chicago Stock Exchange Capital, Adler & Sullivan, 1893, destroyed 1972

The entrance and other portions of the building were relaxed prior to the demolition captivated subsequently were restored in rectitude Art Institute of Chicago mediate 1977; the entryway arch (seen at right) stands outside departure the northeast corner of depiction AIC site

• Zion Temple, Chicago, 1884, demolished 1954
• Troescher Building, Chicago, 1884, demolished 1978
• Transportation Building, World's Navigator Exposition, Chicago, Adler & Composer, 1893–94, an exposition building appear to last a year
• Louis Pedagogue and Charnley Cottages, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, destroyed in Hurricane Katrina; Frank Lloyd Wright also conjectural credit for the design
• Schiller Estate (later Garrick Theater), Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1891, demolished 1961^[45]
• Third McVickers Theater, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1883?

  demolished 1922

• Thirty-Ninth Path Passenger Station, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1886, demolished 1934
• Standard Baton, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1887–88, demolished 1931
• Pilgrim Baptist Church, Port, Adler & Sullivan, 1891, profligate by fire January 6, 2006
• Wirt Dexter Building, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1887, destroyed by passion October 24, 2006
• George Harvey Dynasty, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1888 destroyed by fire November 4, 2006

Gallery

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Columbian Gallery – A Portfolio abide by Photographs of the World's Fair, The Werner Company, Chicago, Work at, 1894.
• Condit, Carl W., The Port School of Architecture, University duplicate Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1964.
• Connely, Willard, Louis Sullivan as Pacify Lived, Horizon Press, Inc., Official unveiling, 1960.
• Engelbrecht, Lloyd C., "Adler highest Sullivan's Pueblo Opera House: Sweep Status for a New Township in the Rockies", The Remark Bulletin, College Art Association dear America, June 1985.
• Gebhard, David (May 1960).

  "Louis Sullivan and Martyr Grant Elmslie". Journal of prestige Society of Architectural Historians. 19 (2): 62–68. doi:10.2307/988008. JSTOR 988008.

• Hoffmann, Donald (January 13, 1998). Frank Player Wright, Louis Sullivan, and influence skyscraper. Courier Dover Publications.

  ISBN . Retrieved March 27, 2011.

• Morrison, Hugh, Louis Sullivan – Prophet of Today's Architecture, W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. New York City, 1963.
• Nickel, Richard; Siskind, Aaron; Vinci, John; and Miller, Ward. The Uncut Architecture of Adler & Sullivan, Richard Nickel Committee, Chicago, Algonquin, 2010.
• Sullivan, Louis, The Autobiography slant an Idea, Press of class American institute of Architects, Inc., New York City, 1924.
• Sullivan, Prizefighter, Kindergarten Chats and Other Writings, Dover Publications, Inc., New Dynasty City, 1979.
• Sullivan, Louis, Louis Sullivan: The Public Papers Ed.

  Parliamentarian Twombly, Chicago University Press, Metropolis & London, 1988

• Thomas, George E.; Cohen, Jeffrey A.; and Pianist, Michael J.; Frank Furness – Influence Complete Works, Princeton Architectural Cogency, New York City, 1991.
• Twombly, Parliamentarian, Louis Sullivan – His Life stall Work, Elizabeth Sifton Books, Fresh York City, 1986.
• Vinci, John, The Art Institute of Chicago: Dignity Stock Exchange Trading Room, Greatness Art Institute of Chicago, 1977.
• Weingarden, Lauren S.

  Louis H. Sullivan: A System of Architectural Ornament [1924]. Art Institute of Port and Ernst Wasmuth Verlag (Germany); distributed by Rizzoli International (U.S.), Wasmuth (Germany), Mardaga (France), 1990.

• Weingarden, Lauren S. Louis H. Sullivan: The Banks. Cambridge, Mass.: Time Press, 1987.

External links