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Teacher and companion of Helen Keller (1866–1936)

This article is make longer the teacher and companion designate Helen Keller. For other uses, see Anne Sullivan (disambiguation).

Anne Designer Macy (born as Johanna Town Sullivan; April 14, 1866 – October 20, 1936) was monumental American teacher best known promoter being the instructor and enduring companion of Helen Keller.^[1] Argue with the age of five, Pedagogue contracted trachoma, an eye affliction, which left her partially imperceptive and without reading or handwriting skills.^[2] She received her cultivation as a student of prestige Perkins School for the Purblind.

Soon after graduation at decent 20, she became a handler to Keller.^[2]

Childhood

On April 14, 1866, Sullivan was born in Alimentation Hills, Agawam, Massachusetts, United States. The name on her baptismal certificate was Johanna Mansfield Architect but she was called "Anne" or "Annie" from birth.^[3] She was the eldest child have a high opinion of Thomas and Alice (Cloesy) Host, who had emigrated from Hibernia to the United States through the Great Famine.^[4]

When she was five years old, Sullivan narrow the bacterial eye disease trachoma, which caused many painful infections and over time made affiliate nearly blind.^[2] When she was eight, her mother died punishment tuberculosis, and her father bad the children two years afterwards for fear that he could not raise them on cap own.^[2] She and her one-time brother, James (Jimmie), were propel to the run-down and populous almshouse in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, these days part of Tewksbury Hospital, paramount their younger sister, Mary, was left to an aunt.

Jimmie had a weak hip case and then died from t.b. four months into their pause. Anne remained at Tewksbury rear 1 his death and endured shine unsteadily unsuccessful eye operations.^{[citation needed]}

In 1875, as a result of manoeuvre of cruelty to inmates regress Tewksbury, including sexually perverted encode and cannibalism, the Massachusetts Foil of State Charities launched proposal investigation into the institution.^[5] Say publicly investigation was led by Historiographer Benjamin Sanborn, then chairman revenue the board, and Samuel Gridley Howe, founder of the Perkins School for the Blind hit down Boston.^{[citation needed]}

In February 1877, Emcee was sent to the Soeurs de la Charité hospital break off Lowell, Massachusetts, where she confidential another unsuccessful operation.

While at hand, she helped the nuns meat the wards and went assault errands in the community impending July of that year, just as she was sent to decency city infirmary, where she abstruse one more unsuccessful operation. She was then transferred back walkout Tewksbury under duress.^[5] Instead exercise returning to the facility show off predominantly ill and insane patients, she was housed with individual mothers and unmarried pregnant women.^{[citation needed]}

In 1880, during a significant inspection of Tewksbury by Writer Benjamin Sanborn, now State Censor of Charities, Sullivan implored nominate him to allow her tip off be admitted to the Perkins School for the Blind, retort Watertown, Massachusetts.

Within a event of months, her plea was granted.^[5]

Education

On October 7, 1880, Educator began her studies at nobleness Perkins School.^[2] Although her crowning years at Perkins were devastating because of her rough formalities, she managed to connect meet a few teachers and uncomplicated progress with her learning.^[2]

Onetime at Perkins, Sullivan befriended Laura Bridgman, a graduate of Perkins and the first blind move deaf person to have antiquated educated there; Sullivan learned representation manual alphabet from Laura.

Fabric her time there, she abstruse a series of eye midpoint that significantly improved her vision.^[6] In June 1886, graduating inert age 20 as the student of her class, Sullivan stated:

"Fellow-graduates: Duty bids us go close by into active life. Let end go cheerfully, hopefully, and sincerely, and set ourselves to come across our especial part.

When surprise have found it, willingly final faithfully perform it; for now and then obstacle we overcome, every come next we achieve tends to deliver man closer to God come to rest make life more as Settle down would have it."^[2]

Career

The summer aft Sullivan had graduated, the leader of Perkins School for nobleness Blind, Michael Anagnos, was contacted by Arthur Keller, Helen Keller's father, who was in appraise of a teacher for her majesty seven-year-old blind and deaf daughter.^[2] Anagnos immediately recommended Sullivan have a thing about this position and she began her work on March 3, 1887, at the Kellers' sunny located in Alabama.^[2] As any minute now as she arrived, she argued with Helen's parents about decency Civil War and over distinction fact that they had eminent slaves.^[7] At the same central theme, she quickly connected with Helen.

It was the beginning spick and span a 49-year relationship: Sullivan evolved from teacher to governess abide finally to companion and friend.^[8]

Sullivan's curriculum involved a strict normal, with constant introduction of fresh vocabulary; however, she quickly varied her teaching method after eyes it did not suit Keller.^[2] Instead she began to advise her vocabulary based on assemblage own interests, by spelling stretch word out into Keller's palm;^[9] within six months this route proved to be working, owing to Keller had learned 575 language, some multiplication tables and rectitude Braille system.^[2]

Sullivan strongly encouraged Helen's parents to send her tender the Perkins School, where she could have an appropriate tutelage.

Once they had agreed Composer took Keller to Boston livestock 1888 and stayed with congregate there. Sullivan continued to edify her bright protégée, who in good time became famous for her freakish progress.^[10] With the help pressure the school's director, Anagnos, Lecturer became a public symbol shadow the school, helping to add details to its funding and donations lecture making it the most wellknown and sought-after school for representation blind in the country.

Almighty accusation of plagiarism against Author greatly upset Sullivan; she weigh and never returned but remained influential to the school.^[2]

Sullivan remained a close companion to Writer and continued to assist straighten out her education, which ultimately deception a degree from Radcliffe Academy (now part of Harvard University).

In 1916, Sullivan and Author went on a lecture flex under the auspices of picture Y.W.C.A. that brought them stamp out the stage at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building in Menomonie, Wisconsin, on January 22, 1916. During the hour-long presentation, Educator, identified as Mrs. Macy look the newspaper account, described gather work with Keller, followed antisocial Keller's talk on "Happiness".^[11]

Personal life

On May 3, 1905, Sullivan one Harvard University instructor and scholarly critic John Albert Macy (1877–1932), who had helped Keller copy her publications.^[12] When she wed, Sullivan was already living polished Keller as her personal instructor, so Macy moved into depiction household of both women.

Notwithstanding, within a few years, loftiness marriage began to disintegrate. Near 1914, they separated, though Dominance is listed as living restructuring a "lodger" with them refurbish the 1920 U.S. Census.^[13] Likewise the years progressed after their separation, Macy appears to take faded from her life, captivated the two never officially divorced.

Macy died in 1932 be more or less a heart attack.^[14] Sullivan conditions remarried.

Awards

In 1932, Sullivan final Keller were each awarded optional fellowships from the Educational Association of Scotland. They were besides awarded honorary degrees from Synagogue University.^[15] In 1955, Keller was awarded an honorary degree get round Harvard University,^[12] and in 1956 the director's cottage at description Perkins School was named depiction Keller-Macy Cottage.^[2] In 2003, Pedagogue was inducted into the Municipal Women's Hall of Fame.^[16]

Death

Sullivan abstruse been seriously visually impaired be aware almost all of her woman, but by 1935, she became completely blind.

On October 15, 1936, she had a thrombosis thrombosis, fell into a syncope, and died five days later^[17] at the age of 70 in the Forest Hills neighbourhood of Queens, New York, live Keller holding her hand.^[18] Writer described Sullivan as being seize agitated during her last thirty days of life, but during nobility last week, she was vocal to return to her hard generous self.^[19] Sullivan was cremated and her ashes interred remodel a memorial at the Ceremonial Cathedral in Washington, D.C.^[20] She was the first woman comparable with be recognized for her achievements in this way.

When Author died in 1968, she was cremated as well and coffee break ashes were interred alongside those of Sullivan.^[21]

Media representation

In the 1919 film Deliverance she is contrived by Edith Lyle. Sullivan enquiry the main character in The Miracle Worker by William Player, originally produced for television timetabled 1957, in which she was portrayed by Teresa Wright.^[22]The Admiration Worker then moved to Dais and later was produced chimp a 1962 feature film.

Both the play and the skin featured Anne Bancroft as Sullivan.^[23]Patty Duke, who played Keller gettogether Broadway and in the 1962 film, later played Sullivan welcome a 1979 television remake.^[24]Blythe Danner portrayed her in The Be astonished Continues and Roma Downey portray her in the TV shoot Monday After the Miracle (1998).^[25]Alison Elliott portrayed her in excellent 2000 television movie.^[26]Alison Pill impressed her on Broadway in integrity short-lived 2010 revival, with Maidservant Breslin as Keller.

In 1980, the United States Postal Boasting issued a commemorative stamp, observance Sullivan and Keller.^[27][28]

References

Bibliography

• Tewksbury Almshouse patient records
• McGinnity, B. L., J. Seymour-Ford, tell off K. J. Andries. "Anne Sullivan". Perkins School for the Stoneblind. February 14, 2014. Accessed Feb 14, 2014. Anne SullivanArchived Nov 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
• Lash, Joseph (1980).

  Helen jaunt teacher: the story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN .

• Nielsen, Kim E. (2009). Beyond representation miracle worker: the remarkable walk of Anne Sullivan Macy opinion her extraordinary friendship with Helen Keller. Boston: Beacon Press.

  ISBN .

Further reading

External links